Library of Congress

The Library of Congress, housed
in three buildings in Washington, DC is the research library for the
nation's Congress, as well as the de facto nationally library of the
US and the oldest federal cultural institution in the nation, and
the biggest library in the world in terms of shelf space and number
of volumes. It would be established by the Congress in 1800 and kept
in the capitol for the majority of the 19th century; until it would
be destroyed by fire in the War of 1812. Thereafter, Thomas
Jefferson would sell his personal collection of books to the library
in 1815. The library would go through a period of decline during the
mid-19th century, and then begin to grow in size and mass just after
the Civil War, ending in the construction of a separate library
structure that would receive the transfers of all copyrighted
materials to the new library. While this country began a tremendous
expansion of the library during the 20th century, it would assume a
significant role in the nation, where it would become the library of
last resort and increase its mission and goals for the nation's
citizens and scholars. Today, its main mission is to research the
numerous inquiries of the Congress via the Congressional Research
Service and even though it is a public library, only members of the
Congress, the Supreme Court justices and various high-ranking
officials are able to check books out. Since it is the de facto
library of the United States, it promotes literacy and American
literature providing numerous projects like the American Folk
Center, Poet Laureate, Center for the Book and American Memory.
President John Adams would sign the Act of Congress that transferred
the seat of the government to Washington DC from Baltimore in April,
1800, and a portion of that legislation provided $5000 for the
procurement of books that might be needed by Congress; as well as
providing a suitable apartment to house them. So, many books would
be ordered from London and that nucleus would consist of 740 books
and 3 maps that would be housed in the new capitol. This collection
did cover a number of topics, however, the majority were legal in
nature, that assuredly reflected the needs and role of Congress as a
maker of laws. Thomas Jefferson would play a significant role in the
creation of the library, signing into law, in 1802, the first law
that established the structure of the new nation's library and the
presidential appointment of a Librarian of Congress as well as a
Joint Committee on the Library that would oversee and regulate it.
It also gave the president and vice-president the opportunity to
borrow books. In August 1814, it would be burned after invading
British troops set fire to the building and the small library held
within; that had grown to 3000 volumes. The former president would
then offer his personal library as a replacement in less than a
month, after he had spent almost half a century obtaining the
volumes including those in foreign languages and outstanding volumes
of literature, science and philosophy, as well as other topics that
wouldn't ordinarily belong to a library of the Congress, like
cookbooks and the like. In January, 1815, Congress would appropriate
$23,950 for the 6487 books. There would be much maneuvering during
the antebellum period, involving the Smithsonian Institute that
wanted to become the Library of Congress and the national library;
but after the turmoil, the entire Smithsonian collection of more
than 40,000 volumes would be transferred to the Library of Congress
that was already de facto. During December, 1851, a fire would
destroy more than 35,000 books, which was almost two-thirds of the
entire 55,000 volume collection which included two -thirds of
Jefferson's collections. Within a year, the Congress would
appropriate another $168,700 to replace the destroyed books, but not
for acquiring of new books. The library would go through many trying
and desperate times, but eventually it would survive all the
problems that rose and then fell, until it is now what it is. Today,
the collections house over 32 million catalogued books, along with
print materials in 470 languages; 33,000 newspapers; over 14.7
million prints and photographic images that include excellent and
popular art works and architectural drawings; over 61 million
manuscripts; 6 million works of sheet music; a rough draft of the
Declaration of Independence; the biggest rare book collection in
North America; more than 6000 comic book titles; 3 million sound
recordings, the Betts Stradivarius, the Cassavetti Stradivarius, a
million issues of world newspapers that span the last three
centuries; 5.3 million maps; a Guttenberg Bible that is just one of
the four perfect vellum copies in the world known to exist and more
than 1 million government publications; 500,000 microfilm reels.
Folger Shakespeare Library
The
Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, DC is the independent
research library on Capitol Hill that houses the world's biggest
collection of printed works by William Shakespeare; as well as being
the main repository for any rare materials that have been preserved
from the early modern ages which span the years 1500 to 1750, and
established by Henry Clay Folger, along with his wife, Emily Jordan
Folger; that opened only two years after he passed away in 1932.
This marvelous library provides advanced scholarly programs like the
national outreach to K-12 classroom teachers on Shakespeare
education that includes; poetry, plays, music, family programs,
exhibits and lectures. It has evolved into a world leader in
preserving rare materials and produces numerous publications. It is
also privately endowed and run by the Trustees of Amherst College
and the building is now listed on the National Register of Historic
Places. The chairman of the board and president of Standard Oil of
New York, Henry Clay Folger, was a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of
Amherst College, as well as an enthusiastic collector of
Shakespeareana, and after the end of WWI, he and his wife, Emily
Jordan Folger, started looking for a place to preserve his
magnificent Shakespeare library; finally choosing a plot of land
adjacent to the Library of Congress in Washington, which was then
occupied by townhouses. Henry would spend a number of years
purchasing the buildings and lots; although it had been already
picked by the Library of Congress for its future expansion. However,
in 1928, and no doubt because of his immense wealth and power, the
Congress passed a resolution that would allow Folger to construct
his library there. In 1930, the cornerstone would be laid, however,
Folger passed away shortly afterwards and the majority of his estate
would be held in trust, with Amherst College becoming the
administrator of the future library. The stock market crash of 1929
had depleted his fortune, but he had amassed such huge riches that
it would still be large, so Emily, who had been working with her
husband on the project, gave the extra funding to finish the
project. It opened in April 23, 1932, believed by many to have been
the day of Shakespeare's birth, with Emily still remaining in the
operation of the library until just before she passed in 1936. The
main structure would be designed by Paul Philippe Cret, with white
marble exterior that contains street-level bas-reliefs of numerous
scenes from Shakespeare's plays that were created by sculptor John
Gregory, and a large statue of Puck by Brenda Putnam; along with
many inscriptions that had been chosen by Henry. The big art deco
window and door grilles were constructed of aluminum, and in the
interior, which is designed in a Tudor style, there is beautiful oak
paneling and plastered ceilings; with two reading rooms reserved for
scholars that have been given advance permission. There is also a
huge public space, the Elizabethan theater and a gift shop. In 2000,
right across the street from the library, the Haskell Center opened
which houses the library's public programs staff and it educational
staff. Outside as well is the Elizabethan garden of plantings from
many of Shakespeare's plays or those varieties of plants that had
been popular during his era. This fantastic library contains 250,000
playbills, over 250,000 books, with 55,000 manuscripts from
Elizabeth I and John Donne to Mark Twain and Walt Whitman, with
numerous paintings and sculptures that pertain to Shakespeare or his
plays and 50,000 works on paper that contains many photographs and
prints.