Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal
The Cincinnati Museum Center at
Union Terminal in Cincinnati, Ohio was originally called the
Cincinnati Union Terminal and had been a passenger railroad station
in the Queensgate neighborhood of Cincinnati. When the decline in
railroad travel began, the building would eventually be transformed
into other businesses, like museums, a library and theaters, making
this one center a vast network of artistic and interesting venues.
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the city had become a
major center for railroad traffic, but especially as an
interchanging point for the railroads that served the Northeastern
and Midwestern states, who had railroads that went to the south.
Amazingly, the intercity passenger traffic was divided amongst five
stations in downtown Cincinnati, forcing many of the travelers to
change between the railroads to get home locally. One of them, the
Nashville and Louisville Railroad, that operated sleepers with other
trains had to split themselves between two stations, so in the
1890s, a proposal to construct a union station started. In 1912, a
committee of railroad executives was formed to start studies on the
proposal, although it would take another 16 years before all seven
railroads that served the city to come together after much debate
and negotiations. In 1928, all seven that included; the Pennsylvania
RR, the B & O RR, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis
RR, the Louisville and Nashville RR, the Norfolk and Western RR, the
Chesapeake and Ohio RR and the Southern RR would pick the site of
their new station in the west end of the city, close to Mill Creek.
The rotunda in the new station has the biggest semi-dome in the
western hemisphere, at 180 feet wide and 106 feet high. The German
artist, Winold Reiss had been chosen to design and make two 22 foot
high by 110 feet long color mosaic murals that showed the history of
the city for the rotunda, two more murals for the baggage lobby, two
murals for the departing and arriving trains and 14 smaller ones for
the train concourse. These would represent the local industries and
a big world map mural located at the back of concourse. Quite a few
of these murals would be removed during the renovations and put on
display at the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport.
In its heyday, the terminal would have 216 trains coming and going
out of it, with three lanes of traffic included in its design that
would handle the taxis, streetcars and buses. By 1939, newspapers
had been calling the terminal a white elephant and travel continued
to decline. During the 1940s, the trains would once more be running
full tilt, but that was due to WWII, and afterwards, it would face
another decline, especially as the 1950s and 1960s arrived and went.
Then, in July, 1958, the terminal became terminally ill, as the last
mainline passenger steam train in the nation, the Norfolk and
Western #603 originated in the city, and left. By 1971, after Amtrak
had been created, the train service at the terminal had just two
trains a day, the George Washington and the James Whitcomb Riley,
and the next year, they abandoned the terminal altogether, opening a
much smaller station in the city in 1972. Currently there are
six major organizations listed in the terminal; the Cincinnati
Railroad Club, the Cincinnati History Museum, the Duke Energy
Children's Museum, the Museum of Natural History and Science, the
Cincinnati Historical Society Library and the Robert D. Lindner
Family Omnimax Theater.
National Underground Railroad Freedom Center
The
National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in downtown Cincinnati,
Ohio is a museum based on the history of the underground railroad,
and pay homage to all the efforts to abolish human enslavement and
secure freedom for everyone on this earth. It has been billed as a
new type of museums of conscience, along with the Museum of
Tolerance, the National Civil Rights Museum and the US Holocaust
Memorial Museum. It offers lessons about the struggles for freedoms
in the past, present and future as it challenges visitors the
meaning of freedom in their own personal lives. The location is
significant since the city had been where thousands of slaves
escaped their slavery by crossing the Ohio River, during the
tumultuous period and history of the Underground Railroad. With ten
years of planning and fundraising, the $110 million freedom center
opened in 2004, with the 158,000 square foot structure being
designed by Boora Architects of Portland, Oregon with Blackburn
Architects of Indianapolis creating the three pavilions that
represent perseverance, courage and cooperation. The outside is
faced with rough travertine stone from Travoli, Italy on the east
and west facades, and copper panels on the north and south. One of
the main architects, Walter Blackburn said that the building's
undulating qualities represents the fields and river that the slaves
had to cross to get to freedom. Muhammad Ali, Oprah Winfrey and
First Lady Laura Bush would come to the groundbreaking ceremonies in
2002. The center's most significant artifact is a 21 by 30 foot two
story log slave pen that was constructed in 1830 and used to keep
the slaves while they waited to be shipped to auction. It was moved
here from a farm in Mason County, Kentucky and now sits in the
second floor atrium, where visitors can see it every time they come
there here while they visit other exhibits. The pen had been the
property of Captain John Anderson, a Revolutionary War soldier; and
had been used to hold slaves waiting to be moved from Dover,
Kentucky to the slave markets in Natchez, Mississippi and New
Orleans. The slaves would be held here anywhere from a few days to a
few months, waiting for the "right" market conditions when they
would fetch the most money. It has eight small windows, stone floor,
with large fireplace and chimney, as well as a row of wrought iron
rings that a central chain would be run through to tether men on
both sides of the cabin. Males were on the second floor and females
on the first, with the fireplace used for cooking. That pen has
become a powerful place, with many getting the feeling of walking on
hallowed ground, and when folks are on the inside, their voices drop
to whispers. The curator at the time, Carl B. Westmoreland spent
some three and a half years trying to discover the history of the
slave jail, which, although just a pile of logs, there is something
else about it, almost sacred.